Speed of Electricity… Slower than a Turtle !!!

Slower Than a Turtle

You may be surprised to learn that electrons flow through a typical copper wire much slowerthan a turtle walks.

Each wire that conducts a flow of electrons, producing usable electric current, is composed of billions of atoms. To move along it, the electrons have to traverse these atoms, randomly zig-zagging their way as they do, resulting in the net flow rate, called “drift velocity,” in a given direction being quite slow.

How slow exactly? To calculate it, we use this formula: I = n*A*v*Q or v = I/(n*A*Q)

I is the current, n is the number of electrons per cubic meter, A is the cross-section of the wire, Q is the charge of an electron and v is the drift velocity of the electrons.

Since the number of electrons in a copper wire (n) is 8.5 * 1028 per m3, and the charge of an electron (Q) is 1.6 * 10-19C, if we also know the cross sectional area and the current, we can calculate the electrons’ drift velocity.

For example, suppose you have a current of 14 amps and a copper wire with a cross section of 3 * 10-6 m2. Plug in all the numbers and you get that the electrons are moving at a speed of 3.4 * 10-4 m/s – or about one-third of a millimeter per second.

To put it in values that are easier to conceptualize, this works out to about 1.2 meters (4.1 feet) per hour- a rate far slower than the average box turtle, which can cover about 800 feet in that same amount of time.

So how is it that something that is essentially slower than a turtle can more or less instantaneously turn on a light across a room?

Chain reaction.
The atoms in the wire are crammed together cheek to jowl, which, while it makes the going slow, also has the electrons more or less abutting one another. When the switch is turned on, thanks to the electrical potential difference created by the generator, a force is created to move the electrons, with each pushing its neighbor, which in turn pushes its neighbor and so on all the way through the wire.

So, while no electrons zoom through the wire to turn on the light as you might have previously thought, it ends up seeming like that is what’s happening. This is not unlike how when you turn on your faucet, water instantly comes out despite the fact that your water source might be many miles away.

Bonus Fact:

  • The land speed record for a tortoise in competition was set by a leopard tortoise named Bertie who flew up an 18-foot uphill track in just under 20 seconds (about 0.61 mph) in 2014.

Source:::::www.today i foundout.com

Natarajan

One of the History’s Best Hoaxes …World”s Longest Running Hoax!!!

Cottingley Fairies

This story deserves some kind of award for being the world’s longest-running hoax. This one started way back in 1917, perpetrated by two young girls, Elsie and Frances, aged 16 and 9. They took five photographs of themselves in the woods, but something weird happened when these images were developed: the girls were surrounded by fairies.

Best Hoaxes Fairies

Right off the bat, the girls received support from a peculiar source – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The Sherlock Holmes creator was a keen spiritualist and complete believer in fairies, so he immediately accepted the pictures as genuine despite skeptics pointing out that they were faked.
Best Hoaxes Cottingley

Interest in the pictures lasted for a few years, but eventually died down. By then, the two cousins grew up and went on with their lives. Every now an then, a newspaper would track one of the girls down and do a story on the once-famous Cottingley Fairies. The girls would again claim that the pictures are genuine and interest in the story is briefly rekindled.

 

By the 1970s new technology allowed careful analysis of the photographs, which had been completely dismissed as fakes. A closer look reveals a series of strings holding the fairies up. However, it wasn’t until 1983 that the girls confessed to the hoax, admitting that the fairies were nothing but cardboard cutouts from a children’s book.

Source:::: http://www.all-that-is-interesting.com

Natarajan

Airports’ Three Letter Nick Names…!!!….Story Behind the Codes…!!!

When booking flights online, knowing your local airport’s code can come in handy.

There’s 3,000 miles’ difference between BUR (Burbank, California) and BTV (Burlington, Vermont). And you probably don’t want to end up in Venezuela just in time for Oktoberfest (Munich’s code is MUC, not MUN).

Those enigmatic three-letter signifiers that help you search for flights on Kayak or Priceline are doled out by the

International  Transport Association, and distinguish airports from one another. But the average traveler may not know where those letters come from.

Arizona-based designer Lynn Fisher, who travels a lot and loves trivia, became interested in the rationale behind those IATA codes a few years ago but couldn’t find one place online that explained them all. She and developer Nick Crohn decided to create a website that did just that.

The result, airportcod.es, pairs a “unique aspect of each airport, whether it be architecture, art, or a great view,” with its three-letter code and the origin story behind it. Some, like Fisher and Crohn’s local airport, PHX, are straightforward; others are more obscure or random.

Visit their website to browse codes from more than 200 airports around the world. Here’s a sample:

ARN
Stockholm Arlanda Airport, Stockholm

Stockholm’s airport is named ARlaNda, a made-up word combining Arland, another name for the nearby parish of Ärlinghundra, and landa, the Swedish verb meaning “to land.”

CDG
Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris

Renamed and officially opened in 1974, France’s largest airport is named after Charles De Gaulle, former president and founder of the French Fifth Republic.

CGK
Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, Jakarta, Indonesia

Soekarno–Hatta International serves the capital city of Jakarta and honors Indonesia’s first president and first vice president. It receives its code from the CenGKareng district in the city of Tangerang, where it’s located.

CVG
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, Cincinnati

Serving the greater Cincinnati metro area, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky’s airport code comes from the nearby city of CoVinGton.

DXB
Dubai International Airport, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

When Dubai International opened in 1960, the airport code DUB was already in use by Dublin. DuBai subbed an X for the U, making its unique airport code of DXB.

EWR
Liberty International Airport, Newark, New Jersey

When airport codes switched from two letters to three, the Navy reserved all codes starting with N. NEWaRk, then, used the other letters in its name to make EWR.

IAD
Dulles International Airport, Washington, D.C.

Dulles International Airport’s three-letter code was once DIA. When handwritten, it was often misread as DCA, another Washington airport. It was reversed to IAD to avoid confusion.

LAX
Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles

Before the 1930s, airports had two-letter codes. When codes switched to three letters, many added the letter X to the end. LA (Los Angeles) became LAX. (See also:PDX.)

LHR
London Heathrow Airport, London

London HeathRow takes its name from Heathrow, a hamlet northwest of where the then-small airfield was started in 1929.

OGG
Kahului Airport, Kahului, Hawaii

Kahului Airport is named after its home city, but its airport code honors Hawaiian-born pilot Bertram J. HOGG.

ORD
O’Hare International Airport, Chicago

Before the airport was renamed after Medal of Honor recipient Edward O’Hare in 1949, it was known as ORcharD Field Airport.

SFO
San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco

When codes switched to three letters from two, many added the letter X to the end.San FranciscO instead used its last letter O.

SUX
Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa

SioUX City petitioned twice to have its airport code, SUX, changed. With no great alternatives, it stuck with it and now uses the slogan “Fly SUX.”

UIO
Mariscal Sucre International Airport, Quito, Ecuador

Mariscal Sucre International is named after Antonio José de Sucre, who fought for the independence of Quito, in what is now Ecuador. Because the Federal Communications Commission reserved codes starting with Q, it opted for other letters from its home city of QUItO.

YYZ
Pearson International Airport, Toronto

Airport codes starting with Y designate Canadian airports. The YZ isn’t as clear but is said to be the old railway station code for Malton, an area west of Toronto where the airport is located.

For more airport codes and their origin stories, visit airportcod.es.

Source::::: http://www.businessinsider .com

Natarajan

 

Not Only You Laugh …You will Spread Your Laugh …Because it is contageous…!!!

 

Morning after the Zoo's New Year's Party‏ 004

 

As we progress into 2015, I want to thank you for
your educational e-mails over the past year. I am
totally screwed up now and have little chance of recovery.

I can no longer open a bathroom door 
without  using
a paper towel, nor let the waitress put lemon slices in
my ice water without worrying about the bacteria on
the lemon  peel.

I can’t sit down on a hotel bedspread 
because I  can
only imagine what has happened on it since it was last washed.

Eating a little snack sends me on a guilt trip because
 I
can only imagine how many gallons of trans fats I have
consumed over the years.

I can’t touch any woman’s  handbag 
for fear she has placed
it on the floor of a public  toilet.

I must send my special thanks 
for the email about rat poo
in the glue on envelopes because I now have to use a wet
sponge with every envelope that needs  sealing.

ALSO,
now I have to scrub the top of every can I open for
the same reason.

I can’t use cancer-causing deodorants 
even though I smell
like a water buffalo on a hot  day.

Thanks to you 
I have learned that my prayers only get answered
if I forward an e-mail to seven of my friends and make a wish
within five minutes.

Because of your concern, 
I no longer drink Coca Cola because
it can remove toilet  stains.

I no longer buy 
fuel without taking someone  along to watch the car,
so a serial killer doesn’t crawl in my back seat when I’m filling up.

I no longer use  Cling Wrap in the microwave because it causes
seven different types of cancer.

And thanks for letting me know 
I can’t boil a cup of water
in the microwave anymore because it will blow up in my face,
disfiguring me for life.

I no longer go to  the cinema 
because I could be pricked with a
needle infected with AIDS when I sit down.

I no longer go to shopping  centers 
because someone will drug
me with a perfume sample and rob me..

And I no longer answer the phone because someone will ask
me to dial a number for which I will get a  huge phone bill with
calls to Jamaica, Uganda, Singapore and Uzbekistan.

And thanks to your great advice 
I can’t ever pick up a
dime coin dropped in the car park X-Spam-Subject: YES X-Spam-Subject: YES because it was  probably
placed there by a sex molester waiting to grab me as I bend over.


I can’t do any gardening, 
because I’m afraid I’ll get bitten
by the Violin Spider and my hand will fall off.


Now…….If you don’t send this e-mail to at least 144,000 people in
the next 70 minutes, a large dove with diarrhea will land
on your head at 5:00 p.m. tomorrow afternoon, and the
fleas  from 120 camels will infest your back, causing you
to grow a hairy  hump. I know this will occur because it
actually happened to a  friend of my next door neighbor’s
ex mother-in-law’s second  husband’s cousin’s best friend’s
beautician!  JUST  KIDDING….!

Oh, and by the way…

A German scientist from Argentina, after a lengthy  study,
has discovered that people with insufficient brain activity read their e-mails with their hand on the mouse.

Don’t  bother taking it off now, it’s too late.

P. S. I now keep my  toothbrush in the living room, because
I was told by e-mail that  water splashes over 6 ft. out 


NOW YOU HAVE YOURSELF A VERY GOOD DAY.   

Morning after the Zoo's New Year's Party‏ 011

 

 

 

 Source:::: input from a friend of mine

Natarajan

 

Image of the Day….Milky Way !!!

Malibu stargazer

We’re getting many comments this month about the return of the Milky Way for late night and early morning stargazers.

View larger. | Shreenivasan Manievannan calls this photo Malibu Stargazer.

View larger. | Shreenivasan Manievannan calls this photo Malibu Stargazer.

Our friend Shreenivasan Manievannan posted this photo to EarthSky Facebook. He wrote that, from this beach in southern California, even with all the light pollution from nearby Los Angeles, the Milky Way rose and was visible to the unaided eye. Thank you, Shreenivasan! Beautiful photo.

We’re getting many comments this month about the return of the Milky Way for late night and early morning stargazers. The best time to see it in the evening is around August, but you can also glimpse it now – stretching across a dark country sky – if you stay up late, or get up early.

Help EarthSky build a new community website in 2016! Click here to learn EarthSky’s history and goals, and donate today.

Bottom line: Malibu stargazer, a photo by Shreenivasan Manievannan. Visit his page on 500px.com.

source:::: http://www.eartskynews.org

Natarajan

Amazing Art By an Artist Who Can Not See …

Painting with Textures

In 2001, John Bramblitt lost his eyesight after an epileptic episode. Shortly after, Bramblitt started painting in a most interesting way: By using textured paint, John can tell where he painted and what, allowing him to virtually “see” the painting. The resulting paintings are a thing of beauty, rivaling and even surpassing art created by artists with perfect sight.

Blind Art

 

Blind Art

Blind Art

Blind Art

Blind Art

Blind Art

Blind Art

Blind Art

Blind Art

About the Artist:

In this Art Therapy Video from Veria Living, Blind Artist John Bramblitt began to lose his eyesight when he was just 11 years old, but you wouldn’t know it by looking at his work. He uses a special fabric paint that leaves raised lines on the canvas so he can track his progress. For colors, he says each color of paint has a different feel. He knows the colors by touch. Believe it or not, John says the world’s a much more colorful place now that he’s blind.

Source:::: ba-bamail.com and You Tube

Natarajan

“Palace of Pebbles…”

A Handmade Palace of Pebbles

When French postman Ferdinand Cheval walked his route, he would collect pebbles and put them in his wheelbarrow, taking them home with him. It all began when Ferdinand tripped over a strangely-shaped rock, which he then decided to pick up and take home with him. In 1879, Ferdinand’s hobby became a real project – once he was done with his work, he would work on constructing his pebble palace through the night. 33 years later, Ferdinand finally completed his palace, now known as Le Palais ideal.   

pebble palace

pebble palace

pebble palace

pebble palace

pebble palace

pebble palace

pebble palace

pebble palace

SOURCE::::: http://www.ba-bamail.com

Natarajan

Image of the Day….”Marathon Valley” @ Mars…

This view from NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity shows part of “Marathon Valley,” a destination on the western rim of Endeavour Crater, as seen from an overlook north of the valley.

The scene spans from east, at left, to southeast. It combines four pointings of the rover’s panoramic camera (Pancam) on March 13, 2015, during the 3,958th Martian day, or sol, of Opportunity’s work on Mars.

The rover team selected Marathon Valley as a science destination because observations of this location using the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter yielded evidence of clay minerals, a clue to ancient wet environments. By the time Opportunity explores Marathon Valley, the rover will have exceeded a total driving distance equivalent to an Olympic marathon. Opportunity has been exploring the Meridiani Planum region of Mars since January 2004.

This version of the image is presented in approximate true color by combining exposures taken through three of the Pancam’s color filters at each of the four camera pointings, using filters centered on wavelengths of 753 nanometers (near-infrared), 535 nanometers (green) and 432 nanometers (violet).

Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell Univ./Arizona State Univ.

Source:::: http://www.nasa.gov

Natarajan

Germanwings Flight Crash… Is A 320 Still a Safer Aircraft …?

IT IS technologically advanced and used by major airlines across the globe with one taking off on average every two seconds.

However, despite two major crashes involving an A320 in the space of just three months, the jet remains one of the world’s safest.

That’s the view of leading aviation expert Neil Hansford who told news.com.au that the plane was so technologically advanced it practically flew itself.

The chairman of Strategic Aviation Solutions, with more than 30 years experience in the industry, said if there was a major design fault in the plane the world would have known about it before now.

His comments comes in the wake of Germanwings Flight 4U9525, which crashed on a remote mountain range in the French alps overnight.

Germanwings Flight 4U9525 was travelling from Barcelona, Spain, to Dusseldorf, Germany, when at approximately 10.30am local time on Tuesday, the plane lost radio contact.

The flight was just 46 minutes in when trouble struck, plummeting 31,200 feet in 8 minutes.

It is the second major crash involving an A320 in just three months.

AirAsia Flight QZ8501 crashed into the Java Sea in stormy weather on December 28 during what was supposed to be a short trip from the Indonesian city of Surabaya to Singapore.

In 30 seconds, it rose from 32,000 feet to 37,400 feet, then dipped to 32,000 feet, before descending for around three minutes.

The plane’s stall alarms were going off for four minutes before the crash.

In both cases Mr Hansford said he didn’t believe it was a fault of the plane itself which caused them to crash and added investigators couldn’t rule anything out.

“An A320 takes off every two seconds around the world,” Mr Hansford said,.

“The A320 is a sophisticated aircraft which is not flown in the traditional way in that the computer flies the aircraft, the pilot operates the computer.”

Mr Hansford maintained despite the two crashes, the plane remained one of the world’s safest and it was just sheer coincidence and force of numbers that two crashes had taken place in as many months.

He still believed the A320 was the trump aircraft as evidenced by the sheer numbers of them flying popular flight routes including between Paris and London and Sydney to Melbourne.

Mr Hansford said the plane’s hi-tech systems meant if there was a fault in the plane, or if an engine had failed, the pilot would have had time to save it.

He also said the black box would reveal further details which would come to light sooner than in recent crashes including the Air Asia and Malaysian crashes last year.

“Unlike Malaysian and Indonesian authorities however, the French and German authorities and their carriers will be more transparent,” he said speaking of the retrieval of the black box and the release of information.

The A320 remains a popular aircraft among the world’s airlines with a good safety record.

The A320 remains a popular aircraft among the world’s airlines with a good safety record. Source: AP 

THE A320:

Regarded as a workhorse of modern aviation, similar to the Boeing 737, there are more than 3600 of them in operation worldwide, according to Airbus, which also makes nearly identical versions of the plane, the smaller A318 and A319 and the stretched A321. An additional 2500 of those jets are flying, according to AFP.

The A320 family has a good safety record, with just 0.14 fatal accidents per million takeoffs, according to a Boeing safety analysis.

This particular jet was delivered to Lufthansa — the parent company of Germanwings — in 1991 and had about 58,300 flight hours over 46,700 flights.

The airline is the budget offshoot of major carrier Lufthansa, and this is the first deadly incident in its 13-year history.

This A320 had also passed its last routine check on Monday and its captain had more than 10 years flying experience, Sky News reported.

Airbus is investigating whether a mechanical fault is to blame, however this particular Airbus A320 of Germanwings underwent full maintenance in 2013, according to the head of the company Thomas Winkelmann.

“But we cannot rule out a structural issue: a failure of a part of the structure caused by an absence of detailed maintenance or the wear of a particular element that will become apparent after tens of thousands of flight hours,” the former investigator said.

“In the history of aviation, it’s only when accidents occur that we are able to detect unforeseen weaknesses on parts of a plane where maintenance procedures were not thought necessary.”

LOW COST, LOW SAFETY?:

Xavier Tytelman, an air safety specialist told AFP while this particular plane was 24 years old, that didn’t necessarily mean it was less safe than newer planes.

While new aircraft are more efficient which gave airlines who use them a major cost advantage as fuel can account for a quarter to half of operating costs, it didn’t mean they couldn’t be used by budget carriers.

According to him, new planes can also mean lower maintenance costs. Each four or five years passenger jets require an extensive overhaul, which is both costly in itself and requires taking the plane out of service for weeks.

“Low-cost airlines don’t have any incentive to invest in such maintenance and just before planes arrive at that age they sell them,” Mr Tytelman told AFP.

However the Germanwings A320, was probably in its final years of commercial service and pulling old planes out of service wasn’t an issue of safety but rather economics.

“Low cost, that means less comfort, but not less safety,” Mr Tytelman said.

‘EASY TO BLAME A DEAD MAN’:

Another international aviation expert Arthur Wolk told 3AW Breakfast that the cause of the crash would be determined really quickly.

“If there was not foul play, and that will be determined pretty quickly, it looks like another example of the angle of attack sensors being iced over,” he told the program.

He speculated that “angle attack sensors” at the front of the aircraft may have “iced over”, causing the plane to “pretty much go straight down”, which was the same problem that contributed to the 2009 Air France crash.

“It’s easy to blame a dead man … but this is a problem even the best pilots can’t handle,” he told the radio program.

Two planes of German airline Germanwings are pictured at Cologne/Bonn airport yesterday.

Two planes of German airline Germanwings are pictured at Cologne/Bonn airport yesterday. Source: AFP 

SOURCE:::: http://www.news.com.au

Natarajan