One of the Biggest Mysteries Yet to be Solved…

The real identity of Benjamin Kyle

Who do you think you are?

Who do you think you are? Source: Supplied

In 2004, A man that would soon adopt the name Benjaman Kyle woke up outside of a Burger King in Georgia without any clothes, any ID, or any memories.

He was diagnosed with retrograde amnesia, unable to remember who he was, and with no identification, unable to find out. Now, if this was like any other story about amnesia, it would have probably resolved itself soon afterwards. But the trouble was, authorities couldn’t identify him either.

Local and state police failed to discover him in any known records despite an exhaustive search. And then in 2007, the FBI became involved, but were also unable to identify him, making him the only US citizen in history listed as missing despite his whereabouts being known.

One particularly unfortunate side effect of not having your own identity is that, without a social security number, he is unable to obtain full-time employment, and without memory of any past skills or disciplines, the problem is only amplified.

After a student documentary was created about Benjaman, news media picked up the story, which attracted the attention of local business owners.

One of the owners OFFERED him a job washing dishes, a job which he is still working today. This enabled him to move out of the woods where he was sleeping, and into an air-conditioned shed, where he now stays. But his true identity and past remain a mystery to this day.

 

Source::::: news.com.au

Natarajan

Anand Shimpi Heading towards Apple ?….

A day after announcing his retirement from writing, it’s come to light that veteran journalist Anand Shimpi will soon be joining Apple. The move, which was first reported by Re/codeearlier today, was confirmed by the company.

Shimpi spent 17 years building the site AnandTech, focusing mostly on reviews of hardware and along the way providing detailed info on products from Apple and other consumer electronics manufacturers. But after so many years covering those products, he’ll now be going inside Apple to work for the company.

We’re not sure what Shimpi will be doing for Apple, but based on his deep knowledge of its products he’ll probably be working in some sort of strategy role. While he moves on, AnandTech will continue to publish, with the site being run by new editor-in-chief Ryan Smith.

Image of the Day….Pioneer 11 Swept Past Sun On This Date in 1979 !!!

September 1, 1979. On this date, NASA’s Pioneer 11 came within 13,000 miles (21,000 kilometers) of Saturn, making it the first spacecraft ever to sweep closely past that place. The spacecraft found a new ring for Saturn – now called the “F” ring – and also a new moon, Epimetheus. There were two Pioneer spacecraft. They were used to investigate Saturn’s rings and determine if a trajectory through the rings was safe for the upcoming Voyager visits. They paved the way for the even-more-sophisticated Voyager spacecraft, which were launched in 1977.

Image credit:  NASA/Ames

Scientists said that Pioneer 11 also enabled them to get a sense of Saturn’s internal composition. It had long been realized that Saturn is not very dense; if you could find an ocean large enough hold it, it would float on water. Pioneer 11 showed Saturn likely has a relatively small core for an outer gas giant world – only 10 times Earth’s mass – and that the planet is mostly liquid hydrogen.

Pioneer 11 is still sailing away from Earth, even though its transmissions died several years ago. As far as scientists know, it’s off towards the center of our Milky Way galaxy, that is, generally in the direction of our constellation Sagittarius.

Botton line: On September 1, 1979, Pioneer 11 came closest to Saturn.

Source::::: Earth sky news

Natarajan

Anand Shimpy … One of the Most Influential Tech. Industry Experts…

Anand Shimpi is one of the most influential tech industry figures you’ve never heard of.

ANAND SHIMPI

From his start as a teenager building PCs for students and faculty at a college in his hometown of Raleigh, North Carolina, he’s become one of the semiconductor industry’s most closely watched reviewers. His website, AnandTech.com, is all about product performance, plain and simple.

Shimpi measures exactly how fast the latest Intel processor really is, how quickly that graphics chip will render the latest video game, how long that laptop battery will last.

At age 30, Shimpi is courted by technology executives and followed by Wall Street analysts keen to hear his well-informed product views. He briefs Intel executives, dines with Asian PC executives and commands a loyal following of tech enthusiasts, with AnandTech.com drawing 12 million unique visitors per month.

His workbench at his home in Raleigh is cluttered with high-end storage drives, laptops and recently released tablets, one of them playing a Harry Potter movie in an endless loop. A storage room is filled with hundreds of other products shipped to him over the years, and he says UPS drops more gear off almost every day.

“All of this is used in one form or another,” Shimpi says, gesturing toward the stacks of equipment.

Poor marks in one of his so-called benchmark reviews, focusing strictly on performance data, can mean trouble for a new product.

And because Shimpi amasses performance data on a wide range of chips and other products, he sometimes has more insight in certain areas than companies’ own design engineers, said Alex Mei, chief marketing officer for enterprise storage vendor OCZ Technology.

“His criticism carries more weight,” said Mei. “He really has a bead on what his readers are looking for.”

Indeed, OCZ altered the design of a solid-state drive a couple years ago to take into account Shimpi’s suggestions about how customers would likely use the product.

AnandTech is not alone in the benchmark review business; sites including The Tech Report and Tom’s Hardware have a similar obsession with performance data, though smaller followings.

But many chip executives, Wall Street investors and technically minded consumers see Shimpi’s meticulously collected test results as the most authoritative and highly trustable.

Dozens of widely read blogs write more subjective – and often more easily digestible – reviews of laptops, phones and tablets based to a large degree on how much the reviewer likes the product. Increasingly, those reviewers conduct limited tests of their own, using “off the shelf” benchmark tools.

Still others make mention of Shimpi’s data, painstakingly collected using proprietary tests he has developed over the years.

“We have known Anand for a long time,” Jonney Shih, chairman of the big Taiwanese computer-maker Asus, told Reuters by email. “We definitely share a passion for technology and we respect his in-depth knowledge and the thorough testing that he does.”

HOBBYISTS GO PRO

Today, reviewers are turning to benchmark tests to evaluate the chips, touch screens and batteries in the latest tablets and smarpthones, a fast-growing market in which Apple, Samsung, Intel, Qualcomm and others are competing fiercely.

But the niche business made its mark during the personal computer boom of the 1990s, when chipmakers fought for bragging rights about everything from clock speeds to latency.

Developing scientific ways to verify manufacturers’ claims and compare the performance of motherboards, processors and other components became a hobby among a small group of tech enthusiasts.

Data was compiled in reviews and posted on websites where they were read by legions of other technophiles, who in turn have become an important target for tech industry marketers.

“They’re the decision makers, influencers, guys who work in IT jobs during the day and play games at night, that people go to for advice when they have questions about technology,” Chris Angelini, who started reviewing PC parts while at college and is now editor of Tom’s Hardware, said of his readers.

As they gained attention in the industry, the benchmark reviewers grew more sophisticated – and attracted yet more attention from industry watchers.

Stock analysts, for one, have come to rely on the data when projecting product sales.

“We don’t have tools to go out and measure these things ourselves, so we depend on independent third parties to take the devices and tell us things like what does the performance look like and how does it stack up relative to the competition,” said Shawn Webster, a chip analyst at Macquarie.

This year, stock analysts have cited AnandTech measurements in more than 70 reports about Intel, Nvidia and other chipmakers.

With AnandTech attracting a large, specialized audience of cutting edge techies, it has plenty of advertising. The website has more than a dozen reviewers and editors, and has done well enough to make Shimpi a wealthy man.

The rise of smartphones and tablets has presented some new challenges to performance testers, but those devices have also created demand for more reviews. Shimpi believes he can continue to prosper by sticking to a simple mantra.

“What are they not telling me?” he regularly asks, referring to the companies whose devices he tests.

HARRY POTTER

Shimpi recently demonstrated how he works, running scripted videogame sequences on a MacBook Air to test the performance of its graphics chip. That’s just one example of several tests he runs on each device he reviews. The Harry Potter movie playing over and over on a Google Nexus 7 tablet was part of a test to document its battery life.

Shimpi carries out measurements several times for each device, with the results feeding spreadsheets with thousands of data points. It’s a never-ending process as Shimpi adds new products to his database and runs new benchmarks on older ones.

Chip executives have embraced the most professional of the benchmark reviewers and ship them samples of their new products, often ahead of their release. In return, they get objective feedback.

“We literally go into every review site in the world we can find, and our teams read the reviews, and they decide internally whether it was a good review for us or a good review for the competition,” Jen-Hsun Huang, chief executive of chipmaker Nvidia, told investors at a conference in May.

To make sure his reviews are ready in time for product launches, Shimpi pulls all-nighters and lays out his testing gear in hotel rooms during his frequent travels.

“If you put in an honest seven days of work – I’m not saying eight hours a day or less, I’m saying if you don’t sleep for a couple of nights, and that’s all you live and breath and do – I think it’s possible to deliver a good review within that seven-day period,” Shimpi said.

“Anything less and you start making sacrifices.”

Evaluating PC processors is a matter of connecting them to one of the motherboards on Shimpi’s table and running standard tests established over a decade ago. Testing the components in a mobile device like an iPad is trickier because it cannot easily be opened up and tinkered with.

To adapt, reviewers are resorting to some decidedly low-tech tools like stopwatches and cameras to measure the quality of tablet displays, how quickly web pages load, and battery life.

EARLY START

Soon after his start in high school building PCs for students and faculty at Saint Augustine’s College in Raleigh, where his father taught computer science, Shimpi created a website and started writing about components. He quickly gained a following with a rapidly growing niche of PC enthusiasts.

“I would build the PC for free and then say I want to review this stuff before I give you your computer,” Shimpi said. “As I got popular, a couple of resellers wanted to put ads on my site. So I gave them ad spots in return for more hardware to review.”

As the website grew, Shimpi started getting invitations to visit with companies and attend trade shows. Self-conscious about his age, he wore suits to meetings.

AnandTech soon made the teenager financially independent. He went on to study computer engineering at North Carolina State University while continuing to build his business.

Today he stills wears a suit to meetings and trade shows – sometimes accompanied by sneakers. He deliberately maintains a distance between his personal life and the tech world, even if that means frequent, long flights to Silicon Valley to visit chip execs.

His sprawling house, which he had built, includes a storage room for the parts companies have sent him over the years. It also includes a professional-quality home theater, carefully designed with the help of a reader and controlled by a computer Shimpi cobbled together for the task.

Plastic guitars and drums – the virtual instruments of the Rock Band videogame – are strewn across a sofa but Shimpi complains that he and his girlfriend, a sculptor who lives with him, are too busy to play much.

He takes phone calls from investors who pay him for his advice and spends more and more time hunkered down with design engineers. But Shimpi says his main focus will remain AnandTech’s readers – the sort of tech fans who spend hours reading up on new products before deciding which to buy.

“I don’t care so much how this affects the companies,” Shimpi said. “They’re going to be okay. It’s the guy putting $200 down that he worked really hard for, and some guy he’s never met is telling him he should do that. They’re the reason I get to do this.”

Anand Lal Shimpy ….Young Achiever too…

Anand Lal Shimpi started AnandTech as a hobby when he was a 14 year old.It was hosted on a Geosites website.The website which was started in 1997 is now counted as the leading web resource on computer hardware.In 2005,AnandTech REGISTERED 50million page views per month.He was featured in Fortune magazine and USA Today.Besides,he has authored a book AnandTech Guide to PC Gaming Hardware.

 

Source:::: | By Noel Randewich …and alldigitalguide.blogspot.in

Natarajan

அமெரிக்காவில் அனாதையாக இருக்கும் விநாயகர்…

‘உங்களுக்கு மிகவும் பிடித்த கடவுள் யார்?’ என, ஒரு போட்டி நடத்தினால், கண்டிப்பாக பெரும்பான்மை ஓட்டு வித்தியாசத்தில் விநாயகர் தான் வெற்றி பெறுவார்.முட்டு சந்து முதல் அரச மரத்தடி வரை, ஆரம்ப பள்ளி முதல் ஐ.ஐ.டி., வரை, சண்முகன் வள்ளியை மணக்க உதவியது முதல் நவீன காதல் கதைகள் வரை, எந்த வேலை என்றாலும், அனைவரும் முதலில் வணங்கி, விண்ணப்பம் செய்வது, பிள்ளையாரிடம் தான்.இன்று ஒவ்வொரு வீட்டிலும் விநாயக சதுர்த்தியை முன்னிட்டு, வணங்கப்படும் இவர், ஓரிடத்தில் மட்டும் அனாதையாக நிற்கிறார்.
-எங்கே தெரியுமா?அமெரிக்காவில்…
ஓகியோ மாகாணத்தில் உள்ள டாலிடோ நகரில் உள்ள அருங்காட்சியகத்தில்.தமிழகத்தின் அரியலுார் மாவட்டத்தை சேர்ந்த, ஸ்ரீபுரந்தான் ஊரில், ஆயிரம் ஆண்டுகள் பழமையான, பிரகதீஸ்வரர் கோவில் உள்ளது.
அந்த கோவிலில் இருந்து, 2005ம் ஆண்டு, சிலை கடத்தல் மன்னன் சுபாஷ் கபூர் கும்பலால் திருடப்பட்ட அந்த விநாயகர் சிலை, 1.5 கோடி ரூபாய்க்கு வேறொருவருக்கு விற்கப்பட்டது.அதிர்ஷ்டவசமாக, புதுச்சேரி பிரெஞ்ச் இன்ஸ்டிடியூட் நிறுவனம், 1994 நவம்பர் மாதத்தில், பிரகதீஸ்வரர் கோவிலில் இருந்த செப்புத் திருமேனிகளை, புகைப்படங்களாக ஆவணப்படுத்தி வைத்திருந்தது.
அயல்நாடுகளில் அருங்காட்சியகங்களில் உள்ள தமிழர் கலைச்செல்வங்கள் பற்றிய தகவல்கள், வரலாறுகளை திரட்டி வரும் இணைய ஆர்வலர்களான நாங்கள், உடனே, புதுச்சேரி, பிரெஞ்சு இன்ஸ்டிடியூட்டிற்கு சென்று, இதுதொடர்பான புகைப்படங்களை முறையாகப் பெற்றுக் கொண்டோம்.பொதுவாக, அந்த கலை பொருட்கள், எந்த ஆண்டு வாங்கப்பட்டன என்ற விவரம் மட்டுமே, சம்பந்தப்பட்ட அருங்காட்சியகங்களில் இருந்து கிடைக்கும்.
ஸ்ரீபுரந்தான் விநாயகர் கதையிலும் அதுதான் நடந்தது.எனினும் பல தேடல்களுக்கு பின், டாலிடோ அருங்காட்சியகத்தில் உள்ள விநாயகர் சிலை, பார்ப்பதற்கு திருடு போன சிலை போலவே இருப்பது தெரிந்தது.அமெரிக்காவில் வசிக்கும், முகநூல் நண்பர் ஒருவரிடம், ”ஒருமுறை அங்கே நேரில் சென்று படம் எடுத்து தர இயலுமா?” என்று கேட்டேன். அவரும் மெனக்கெட்டு அங்கு சென்று, நல்ல படங்களை எடுத்து அனுப்பினார்.
இரண்டு படங்களையும் ஒப்பிட்டபோது, ஒரு முக்கிய துப்பு கிடைத்தது. பிள்ளையாரின் தும்பிக்கையில், ஒரு சிறிய மரு, இருப்பது, இரண்டு படங்கள் மூலம் உறுதியானது. இந்த சான்று, சிலை திருட்டை உறுதிசெய்தது. கடந்த ஆண்டு, ஜூலை 17ம் தேதி, ‘சிலை திருட்டு பொருளாக இருக்கலாம்; மேலும் விவரங்கள் அனுப்பி உதவ வேண்டுகிறோம்’ என, அஞ்சல் அனுப்பினோம்.
அஞ்சலில், சென்னை காவல் துறையின், சிலை கடத்தல் தடுப்பு பிரிவு இணையதளத்தில், 2009ம் ஆண்டில் வெளியிடப்பட்ட படங்கள், பிரெஞ்சு இன்ஸ்டிடியூட்டின் படங்கள், சிலைகளின் ஒப்பீடு என்று அனைத்து ஆதாரங்களையும் இணைத்து இருந்தோம். அதன் நகலை, காவல்துறைக்கும் அனுப்பி வைத்தோம். ‘இனிமேல், விநாயகர், வீடு திரும்பி விடுவார்’ என, நம்பிக்கையுடன் இருந்தோம்.
ஆனால், அதன்பின்,அருங்காட்சியகத்திடம் இருந்த எந்த பதிலும் இல்லை.காவல்துறையும் ஒன்றும் செய்ய வில்லை. தொடர்ந்து ஏழு மாதங்கள் அவர்களை விடாமல் ‘தொந்தரவு’ செய்தவுடன்,- அருங்காட்சியகம், அதன் இணையதளத்தில், இந்த ஆண்டு பிப்., மாதத்தில், இரு கடிதங்களை வெளியிட்டது.
நாங்கள் அனுப்பிய கடிதம் கிடைத்தவுடனே, அருங்காட்சியகம், இதுகுறித்து இந்திய துாதரகத்திற்கு கடிதம் அனுப்பியது. ஆனால் அங்கிருந்து பதில் எதுவும் வரவில்லை.அதனால், அருங்காட்சியகம் தான் அனுப்பிய கடித பிரதி, இந்திய துாதருக்கு அனுப்பிய கடித பிரதி இரண்டையும், பகிரங்கமாக இணையதளத்தில் வெளியிட்டு விட்டது.
அதாவது, ‘நாங்கள் முயற்சி செய்தோம். உங்கள் தரப்பில் இருந்து எந்தவித பதிலும் இல்லை’ என்பதுதான் அதற்கு அர்த்தம்.இந்த சிலை கடத்தில் வழக்கில், போதுமான ஆவணங்கள் இருப்பதாக நாங்கள் கருதுகிறோம். ஆனாலும், இந்திய அரசு இதில், தேவையான நடவடிக்கைகளை எடுக்கவில்லை என்றே நினைக்கிறோம்.
இது மட்டும் ஒரு சம்பவம் இல்லை. இதுபோன்று, இந்திய கலைப்பொருட்கள், இந்திய மண்ணில் இருந்து திருடப்பட்டு, உலகெங்கிலும், பல கோடி ரூபாய்களுக்கு ஏலம் விடப்படுகின்றன.
சிலை கடத்தல் சம்பவங்களும், கடத்தப்பட்டவற்றை மீட்காமல் இருப்பதும், நமது கலைக்கும், ஆன்மிக உணர்வுகளுக்கும், நாமும் நமது அரசும் அளிக்கும் அலட்சிய பார்வையை, புறக்கணிப்பைத் தான், சர்வதேச அளவில், எடுத்துக்காட்டுகிறது.
எங்களை போன்ற ஒரு சில ஆர்வலர்களின் பணியை, அயல்நாட்டவர் எள்ளிநகையாடுகின்றனர். நாங்கள் அதற்காக வருத்தப்படவில்லை.கலைப்பொருட்கள் அவை சிலையாகவோ, மர சிற்பமாகவோ, ஓவியமாகவே, வேலைப்பாடு மிக்க பொருளாகவோ இருக்கலாம் நம் குலதனம்.
டாலிடோ அருங்காட்சியகத்தில் உள்ள, ஸ்ரீபுரந்தான் விநாயகர், அடுத்த ஆண்டு விநாயகர் சதுர்த்திக்குள், நாடு திரும்ப வேண்டும் என்றால், தமிழக மக்கள் ஒருங்கிணைந்து, இதற்காக குரல் கொடுக்க வேண்டும்.இனியவாது அவரவர் பகுதிகளில் உள்ள கோவில்களை, பாதுகாக்க முன்வர வேண்டும். அதைப் பார்த்து அரசு, தானாகவே தனது பணியை செய்ய முன்வரும்.இதற்கிடையில்…எங்கள் பணியும் தொடரும்!
– எஸ்.விஜய்குமார் -(கட்டுரையாளர், தொல்லியல் ஆர்வலர்; சிங்கப்பூரில், தனியார் கப்பல் நிறுவனத்தில் பணியாற்றி வருகிறார்.)

Source::::dinamalar.com

Natarajan

Image of the Day…First View of Earth From Moon …

August 23, 1966. This photo reveals the first view of Earth from the moon, taken by Lunar Orbiter 1 on August 23, 1966. It’s shot from a distance of about 236,000 miles (380,000 kilometers) and shows half of Earth, from Istanbul to Cape Town and areas east, shrouded in night.

Photograph courtesy NASA/Lunar Orbiter 1 This photo reveals the first view of Earth from the moon, taken by Lunar Orbiter 1 on August 23, 1966. Shot from a distance of about 236,000 miles (380,000 kilometers), this image shows half of Earth, from Istanbul to Cape Town and areas east, shrouded in night.

First view of Earth from the moon, courtesy NASA/Lunar Orbiter 1.

Lunar Orbiter 1 was one of five Lunar Orbiters sent to the moon in the 1960s by NASA. This particular craft was primarily designed to take photographs, in order to serve as an Apollo landing site survey mission. Read more about NASA’s Lunar Orbiter missions, 1966-1967

Though the photo revealed no detail on Earth’s surface when it was taken in 1966, those on Earth who saw this photo must have been stunned by it.

In 2008, NASA released a newly restored version of the original 1966 image of Earth. Using refurbished machinery and modern digital technology, NASA produced the image at a much higher resolution than was possible when it was originally taken. You’ll see the restored image below. Read more about the restoration here.

First image of Earth from moon, taken via Lunar Orbiter I on August 23, 1966, restored in 2008 by NASA, using photographic techniques that were not available when the photo was originally acquired.  Read more about this photo from NASA.

First image of Earth from moon, taken via Lunar Orbiter 1 on August 23, 1966, restored in 2008 by NASA, using photographic techniques that were not available when that early spacecraft originally acquired this historic photo.Read more about this photo from NASA.

Source:::::Earth sky news

Natarajan

 

NASA and The BallPoint Pen ….

NASA and the Pen

ballpoint-penThe humble ballpoint pen is an item so ubiquitous the chances of you not having one near you right now are so low E.T could probably give you the percentage on his right hand. Few people realize just how much technology, craftsmanship and effort goes into creating a single pen- probably because you can buy 30 of them for a few dollars, only to mysteriously have them all disappear within a week.

As the name would suggest, ballpoint pens work by utilizing tiny metal ball bearings. In the case of the most famous ballpoint pens of all, Bic, the ball is commonly made from tungsten carbide, which is notably the same material often used to make armour piercing bullets. After the material has been shaped, it’s then highly polished in a machine that uses a paste made from diamonds. Yes, we’re still talking about those pens banks give away for free and you’ve lost three of already today.

The polished ball is then loaded into a  socket. Due to the fact that the space available between these two parts is supposed to be virtually, but not quite, nil, they need to be accurate to within a thousandth of a centimetre on the ball. If any flaws whatsoever are discovered in the ball bearings during production, it’s not uncommon for thousands of others of these balls that were created alongside the flawed one to be destroyed as well. In fact, to see any imperfections on a ballpoint pen’s ball bearing that makes it to market, you need an electron microscope.

So how does the ink even get out? Well, it works mostly via gravity. Gravity pulls the ink down onto the ball which transfers ink as it is dragged along or pressed against paper or a comparable surface. However, the ball bearing also creates a pressurised seal that prevents excess ink from escaping. The mechanism allows for a continuous flow of ink to be used, without risking the ink inside being exposed to air, and in turn drying out. This allows ballpoint pens to write around 100,000 words each. The long and short of it is, without gravity (or some sort of internal pressure source as in “space pens”), the ink won’t flow properly.

So this brings us to these space pens. As the story goes, when the space race was heating up, NASA invested millions (sometimes stated as billions) into developing a pen that would work in orbit. However, when the Russians went into space they just took pencils. It’s a famous story that is mostly false.

Although Soviet cosmonauts did use pencils in space for a time, so did the Americans.  However, it quickly became clear that pencils were  a very bad idea since they had a habit of breaking and sending tiny eye-seeking fragments of pencil lead and wood bits into the air. There were also some concerns over these fragments potentially damaging equipment, even perhaps causing a fire.

So there was a need for pens that could work in space. But, in fact, neither NASA nor the Russian’s invested any money into such a space device. Where NASA did waste money was, funny enough, on specially designed pencils, which further spurred the need to find a good alternative.  In 1965, they paid a whopping $4,382.50 ($31,949 today) for just 34 pencils made by Tycam Engineering Manufacturing Inc.  Needless to say, the public was not happy with the way their tax dollars were being spent in this instance. (And, in truth, contrary to what many seem to think today, investing tax dollars into the space race at all had tenuous public support at best in the U.S.)

At this point, you might be wondering, “If neither the Soviets nor NASA invested any money into the creation of a pen that could work in space, who did?”  Like Tang and Velcro (often incorrectly credited with having been invented by NASA, see: The Invention of Tang and The Accidental Invention of Velcro), the “space pen” was invented in the private sector and was simply popularized by NASA.

Specifically, the development of the space pen was undertaken solely by Paul C. Fisher and co. of the Fisher Pen Company. After investing over a million dollars of his own money in creating a pen that utilised pressurised nitrogen (35 psi) to force out a specialized unique gel-like ink Fisher formulated, by 1965 he was in possession of a patent and a pen that could work upside down,  underwater, at temperatures from -50 to 400 degrees Fahrenheit (-45 C to 204 C), and even, you guessed it, in space.

When Fisher brought his “AG-7″ pen to the attention of NASA, they tested it thoroughly and then thanked Fisher by buying four hundred pens from him. But he didn’t get the Tycam Engineering rate of $128.90 per writing device.  Rather, they asked for a bulk discount and Fisher ended up selling them the pens for just under $2.39 a piece ($17.42 today), approximately 40% off the normal consumer price at the time of $3.98. Then again, having NASA (and by 1969 the Soviet Union) use his product in space was great advertising; so he did OK and versions of the Fisher space pen are still available today (and write awesome, I might add).

This price of $2.39 for a pressurised space pen is not only notable for being 40% off the consumer price, but also notable because a mere two decades before, a standard ballpoint pen would cost you at its cheapest 5-10 times that, well over $100 when adjusting for inflation. This all changed thanks to one Marcel Bich in the mid-1950s.

But before we get to Bich, we must discuss a newspaper editor named László Bíró. While in Hungary in 1931, Bíró observed that the ink used in a printing press dried almost instantly.  He, like so many others, was also frustrated by the fact that fountain pen ink often smudged, among other annoyances. Thus, he attempted to create a pen that worked with this type of newspaper quick drying ink.  His early efforts using fountain pens with this ink failed, which led him to attempt a ballpoint style pen. But the ink still wasn’t quite working. Fast-forward to 1938- after working with his chemist brother, György, the two developed an ink that would dry near instantly, but still flow well. Bíró also perfected a semi-new system that would deliver that ink effectively. So it was that on June 15, 1938, Bíró patented the first commercially viable ballpoint pen.

As with most inventions, the system he came up with, the one involving a small precisely made ball and socket, wasn’t entirely unique. For instance, a near identical invention had been developed and patented some 50 years earlier in 1888 by John J. Loud. However, Loud developed the device as a means of marking and writing on leather (something fountain pens couldn’t do well). A lack of interest in his invention, as well as poor performance of the device due to flaws in the design, prevented it from becoming commercially successful and he never renewed his patent.  Many others came along in between Loud and Bíró with similar devices that were similarly failures for various reasons such as uneven ink-flow, clogging, and leakage.

In the end, Bíró’s pens were the first commercially viable ballpoint writing devices. Because of this, not only is he generally given credit for inventing the ballpoint pen, but the name by which many ballpoint pens are still known by in many parts of the world today is “biro”.

Of course, Bíró’s pens were ludicrously expensive compared to the ballpoint pens we can buy today. Despite this, they were considered hugely superior to other types of pens, mainly due to the fact that they required no external ink and that they worked in a variety of conditions. The British air force, in particular, were fond of biros produced by the Miles Martin Pen Company due to the fact they worked at varying pressures and altitudes. (Fountain pens were giving the British air force fits at high altitude.)

This all brings us back to Bich and how ballpoint pens finally became not only extremely popular, but ridiculously cheap given the precision required in their making.  Bich saved his money until he could afford to buy a rundown factory in France- a factory that would soon become the centre of his massive pen empire.  After acquiring the factory, Bich bought the rights to Bíró’s ballpoint pen patent and perfected the means of mass-production while maintaining quality.  He then started creating as many pens as he possibly could.

As he mass produced millions upon millions of them, Bich was able to undercut his biggest rivals and sell pens that were as much as one three hundredth of the then normal price. In addition, due to his exacting mass production methods, along with being hundreds of times cheaper, his pens were also better quality in terms of their utility- “Writes the first time, every time,” as the 1960s company advertising slogan went. Needless to say, sales, and the popularity of the ballpoint., skyrocketed and by the time Bich entered the American market, he was able to sell pens for mere pennies, instead of dollars. And the rest, as they say, is history.

Source::::Today i foundout.com

Natarajan

Made in India ?….

Home-grown excellence in education remains elusive
We don’t need no education.

— Pink Floyd

On reading recently that the 2014 Pritzker Prize, considered the equivalent of the Nobel Prize, in architecture, was awarded to Japanese architect Shigeru Ban, my first thought was: why doesn’t an Indian win such prizes? The Pritzker Prize honours a living architect for excellence in architecture, ‘irrespective of nationality, creed, race, or ideology’. The list of winners shows that 23 of the 35 winners have been from developed and advanced countries. However, in the last 35 years of the prize, there was not a single person from South Asia, let alone India, who was nominated.

Critics may argue that the Pritzker Prize, like others for excellence in different fields, is a Western-dominated award. However, there have been winners from Brazil, China and Mexico. What may be a valid claim is that there is a greater chance for creativity and individuality to shine through in the education system in, for example, the United States, rather than India. As a product of the Indian educational system, I can say that studying logarithms in middle school and calculus in high school has scarred my life. What, may I ask, is the point of poring over indecipherable figures in translucent sheets? Ruining the eyesight? Yes. Learning life-enhancing skills? Probably not.

Some exceptions, of course, prove the rule. Take the example of Subhash Khot, the Indian-American theoretical computer scientist who last week won the International Mathematical Union’s Rolf Nevanlinna Prize. He studied in a humble school in Ichalkaranji in Maharashtra, doing his middle school and high school years there, then topped the JEE to gain admission to IIT Powai before leaving for the United States. The winner of the IMU’s Fields Medal, Manjul Bhargava, also has Indian origins, but was not educated in India.

India-born scholars winning top prizes in mathematics is indeed great news. However, even this re-emphasises the point. Although their educational foundation might have been laid in India, they are, in essence, Western-backed scholars who were exceptional but whose talent was nurtured to the fullest in the West and not in their home country. They might be ‘India-born’, but are not or ‘India-nurtured’ success stories.

The Indian educational system, from kindergarten to university, focusses on rote learning. Although the Central Board of Secondary Education has come up with a number of measures to alleviate the anxiety of students, this is surely not the case with the different Board systems followed by the different States. For example, in Tamil Nadu, there are virtually no application-oriented questions in the State Board examination, a life-altering event for many students that determines which college they would get into. All questions, barring the multiple-choice questions for just 25 marks out of 200, in the Mathematics paper are from the prescribed text BOOK: with no numbers changed, no names altered. It is actually possible to gain grace marks if a math problem is asked outside of the textbook or if the numbers are changed in the problem: it is conveniently considered as ‘out of syllabus’!

This is an example of how memory power and handwriting skills are the only pre-requisites for gaining good scores and getting into a good college. However, once a student goes through the motions of getting a university degree, which again is only slightly different from the school examinations, in that you have to mug up and throw up twice a year as opposed to once a year, the student is then thrown into the ‘real’ world.

And this is where the Indian system decides to abandon him or her and perform the disappearing act. The new GRADUATE, with consistently high scores in school and university, is unable to find a job. Even if he or she does, the candidate will find it difficult to come up with solutions to real-world problems at work or home, or think out of the box. After all, how do you expect a person to think out of the box after the ‘education’ that he or she has received precisely was about stuffing him or her into a box every day? This explains why India churns out engineers as China churns out plastic souvenirs. Most Indian graduates in the job market are unemployable; whether they really wanted to be what they studied for is a different story. They do not have the requisite communication skills to express their ideas and they have not been trained to think (the upside is that they have an amazing memory).

So, back to the question: will an Indian these days ever receive the Pritzker Prize (or any prize that recognised creativity and innovation, for that matter)? And when I mean ‘Indian’, I mean an Indian who lives and bases his or her work in India, not the countless Indian-origin American, British and Australian citizens whose achievements we are quick to borrow without permission and brand them ‘Indian’ success stories. The Indian diaspora might have affinity toward their motherland, but we Indians have no right to brag about their achievements. It was probably because of a lack of a motivational and nurturing environment, and a society that places one’s caste before one’s capability, that the Indian diaspora became a diaspora, in the first place.

So well, here’s my answer: I really do not think the Indian educational system is going to change much. A possible solution is to abolish all State Boards and put in place an autonomous Indian educational board that provides uniform, inspired education cutting across different regions. Minor changes could be made to accommodate State-specific preferences, for example, in languages. But as long as we follow a system that stifles creative thinking and individuality, the Pritzker Prize, and all other prizes for that matter, will be a distant dream for the desi Indian.

There is a paradox in the way we treat talent in India: on the one hand, parents rarely allow their children to pursue research careers in pure sciences, and the educational system is structured to hone memory, not talent. On the other hand, we are quick to ‘claim’ Indian talent that has shined outside the country as our own achievement.

There have also been a handful of other celebrated global-level achievers over the decades, but except in the case of an innate genius such as Srinivasa Ramanujam, how many of them were shaped and moulded by the educational system prevalent in India?

div.srik@gmail.com  

Source:::: Divya Srikant in The Hindu

Natarajan

Image of the Day…California Fire Clouds…

California fire clouds

Fires raging over California last week created these towering pyrocumulus clouds – aka “fire clouds.” A close look from jets flying nearby.

Photo credit: NASA

Photo credit: NASA

These two photographs, taken from an Oregon Air National Guard F-15C on July 31, give a close look at a developing pyrocumulus cloud above the Oregon Gulch fire, a part of the Beaver Complex fire on the Oregon/California border.

Pyrocumulus clouds—sometimes called “fire clouds”—are tall, cauliflower-shaped, and appear as opaque white patches hovering over darker smoke in satellite imagery. Pyrocumulus clouds are similar to cumulus clouds, but the heat that forces the air to rise (which leads to cooling and condensation of water vapor) comes from fire instead of sun-warmed ground. Under certain circumstances, pyrocumulus clouds can produce full-fledged thunderstorms, making them pyrocumulonimbus clouds.

Here’s a satellite view of the fast-moving fires. More than 100,000 acres (400 square kilometers) were charred in a few days as fires raged through forests and grasslands in northern California. NASA’s Terra satellite captured this image on August 2, 2014. Red outlines show where MODIS detected high surface temperatures associated with active burning.

Image credit: NASA

Read more from NASA Earth Observatory

Source::::Earthskynews

Natarajan

Image of the Day…Curiosity rover tracks on Mars, August 4, 2014 !!!

Mars rover Curiosity's tracks in Mars'

Today is the second anniversary of the Mars rover Curiosity’s landing inside the Martian Gale Crater on August 5, 2012, PDT (Aug. 6, 2012, EDT).

This image from the Navigation Camera on NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover shows wheel tracks printed by the rover as it drove on the sandy floor of a lowland called “Hidden Valley.” Curiosity has been crossing this valley en route to its destination, the base of Mount Sharp, the central mountain in the Gale Crater.

The image was taken during the 709th Martian sol – Curiosity’s 709th day on Mars – aka Earth date August 4, 2014.

It was one day before the second anniversary, in Earth years, of Curiosity’s landing on Mars.

See a great video of Curiosity’s descent to Mars’ surface: 7 minutes of terror

News release from NASA celebrating Curiosity rover’s second anniversary on Mars.

Source::::Earth sky news

Natarjan