The Alphabets From Space…!!!

In July 2012, while working on a story about wildfires, NASA’s science writer and social media manager Adam P. Voiland spotted a V-shaped plume of smoke caused by a wildfire in the Caribou Mountains in northern Alberta, Canada. That image made him wonder if there are other alphabets hidden among the millions of photos of earth’s surface taken by NASA’s satellites. It was a mammoth task, so he enlisted the internet in the ambitious project.  With the help of readers and colleagues, Voiland started collecting images of ephemeral features like clouds, phytoplankton blooms, and dust clouds that formed shapes reminiscent of letters. Now, over three years later, his search is completed and the results are exceedingly beautiful and educational.

space-alphabets

Some letters, like O and C, were easy to find,” said Voiland. “Others—A, B, and R—were maddeningly difficult.”

After he had tracked down all the letters, he wrote playful captions for each photos inspired by Dr. Seuss which he was reading to his son.

Here is a selection of alphabets from the gallery.

b_hollabend

Bonjour B, what begins with B? Biomass and boreal forests. Beirut, Barcelona, and Brasília. A bunch of babbling birds bunched up along Holla Bend.

On August 4, 2014, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 acquired this image of the Arkansas River and the Holla Bend Wildlife Refuge. In the winter, it is common for the refuge to host 100,000 ducks and geese at once.

c-space-alphabet

Big C, little C, what begins with C? This curving crescent of carbonate and quartz clinging to the coast. There is CloudSat and CALIPSO. Contrails from jets cruising over cumulus clouds. The Corolis force, chlorofluorocarbons, and crafty coccolithophores!

An astronaut captured this photograph of an artificial island at the southern end of Bahrain Island on January 23, 2011. The beach sand on tropical islands is mostly made up of calcium carbonate from the shells and skeletons of marine organisms.

e_newzealand

What begins with E? Earth, of course. Evaporation and the exosphere. Egypt and Eyjafjallajökull. Eskers, erratics, El Niño, and EO-1. This ephemeral entourage of algae off the east coast of an island where English is spoken!

On October 25, 2009, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this image of a phytoplankton bloom off the coast of New Zealand.

f_tibet

Big F, little f. What begins with F? Firn-filled fjords and frozen forms on folded, fossil-filled facies of rock! Fog, fossil fuels, and faults. France, Fort Collins, and don’t forget Fiji.

The Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 acquired this false-color image of valleys and snow-covered mountain ranges in southeastern Tibet on August 4, 2014. Firn is a granular type of snow often found on the surface of a glacier before it has been compressed into ice

i_andamans

What begins with I? In situ measurements and infrared radiation. Ice sheets and isthmuses. Istanbul and Ilopango. This intriguing image of India’s Andaman Island after an intimidating incident involving an earthquake.

On February 10, 2007, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this image of the Andaman Islands. The thin, bright rings surrounding several of the islands are coral reefs that were lifted up by a massive earthquake near Sumatra in 2004

j_townsville

What begins with J? Jason-1 and the jet stream. Jerusalem, Jakarta, and Johnson Space Center. This jade-colored coral reef juxtaposed against the jumble of the sea.

On July 17, 2015, the Operational Land Imager on Landsat 8 captured this image of the Trunk Reef near Townsville, Australia

m_tienshan

What begins with M? The meandering Mississippi. MODIS and MISR. Mumbai, Miami, and Moscow. These medial moraines merging muck and minerals for millennia!

On August 14, 2015, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 captured this image of glaciers in the Tian Shan mountains in northeastern Kyrgyzstan. The trail of brown sediment in the middle of the uppermost glacier is a medial moraine, a term glaciologists use to describe sediment that accumulates in the middle of merging glaciers

n_northpacific

What begins with N? Numerous cloud condensation nuclei in the North Pacific! Nefarious nitrogen dioxide and NOx. The near infrared and NDVI and the Nimbus satellite. Nor’easters and the Nile at night.

On March 4, 2009, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra satellite captured this image of ship tracks over the Pacific. Ship emissions contain small particles that cause the clouds to form

t_liwa

What begins with T? Taal and Tolbachik. Taiga, typhoons, tornadoes, and thunderstorms. The trove of trees and towns tucked into this terrain in the United Arab Emirates.

On March 9, 2015, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 captured this image of development along two roads in the United Arab Emirates

x_leidyglacier

What begins with X? There are xenoliths, the xylem in xeric woodlands, and the cities of Xian and Xalapa. Not much else begins with X, so relaX and enjoy this eXcellent icy X!

On August 7, 2012, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this false-color image of the northwest corner of Leidy Glacier in Greenland.

z_canada

Z, what begins with Z? Zambia and Zimbabwe. Zenith and zooplankton. Zillions of smoke particles zipping, zooming, and zigzagging above Canada!

On July 11, 2012, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this image of wildfire smoke over Canada.

See more of the gallery on NASA’s website.

Source…..www.amusingplanet.com

Natarajan

Asia’s Largest Man-Made Waterfall Opens in China…

The largest man-made waterfall in Asia has opened to the public in Kunming in China’s Yunnan Province. The waterfalls is 12.5 meters high and 400 meters wide, and was created as part of a project designed to divert water from the Niulan River into Dianchi Lake, the biggest freshwater lake in Yunnan. The diversion will not only help reduce flooding in the Niulan River but will also function as a water supply for emergencies. The project took two years to finish at a cost of 1.1 billion yuan (roughly 170 million US dollars). A park was created around the waterfalls for public viewing free of charge.

china-artificial-waterfall-kunming-4

china-artificial-waterfall-kunming-2

china-artificial-waterfall-kunming-3

Source….www.amusingplanet.com

natarajan

Top weirdest stories of 2015…!

Every now and then a story comes along that is so outrageous it can cause you to do a double take. There were a few such stories in 2015.

 

Unbeelievable! Man covered in 1.1 million bees sets new world record

This Chinese beekeeper isn’t going to let the small matter of 1.1 million bees stop him from smoking a cigarette. Gao Bingguo, 55, set a new Guinness World Record after being covered in a massive 17st of the insects on Monday. He suffered 2,000 stings in the attempt — but managed to puff on a cigarette regardless. Gao is no stranger to bees, having kept them for over 35 years.

 Yes, the Wife Carrying World Championships do exist!

When they say your marriage vows, most people don’t anticipate this is what wedlock looks like. But it does at the annual Wife Carrying World Championships. Yes, it’s really a thing.

The event’s website even boasts: ‘The wife carrying is good for your relationship.’

Ville Parviainen and Sari Viljanen, the winning couple for the second year running.

They emerged victorious after the 253.5 metre course, which saw them climb over two dry obstacles and a mini-pool to wade through.

This record is nail biting!

A lot of world records were awarded in 2015, but perhaps the strangest of these accolades was bestowed upon a man in India who hasn’t cut his fingernails since 1952.

Shridhar Chillal earned a Guinness World Record for his 30-foot-long (9 metres) claws, which have not been trimmed in 62 years. Sure, his long nails make certain daily tasks more difficult (even sleeping through the night is an issue), but now the 78-year-old has a nice plaque to show for his efforts.

Lawyer offers 50 cows, 70 sheep and 30 goats to marry Obama’s daughter

A lawyer in Kenya had offered US President Obama an assortment of cows, sheep and goats in return for his teenage daughter’s hand in marriage. Felix Kiprono said he “got interested” in 16-year-old Malia in 2008 and has been saving himself for her ever since.

The lawyer, whose age has not been revealed, said he would give the US president 50 cows, 70 sheep and 30 goats if he let the two tie the knot.

Kiprono said: “I have shared this with my family and they are willing to help me raise the bride price.”

Source……www.rediff.com

Natarajan

NASA Research Could Save Commercial Airlines Billions in New Era of Aviation….

NASA wind-tunnel tests of an Active Flow Control system

Researchers with NASA’s Environmentally Responsible Aviation project coordinated wind-tunnel tests of an Active Flow Control system — tiny jets installed on a full-size aircraft vertical tail that blow air — to prove they would provide enough side force and stability that it might someday be possible to design smaller vertical tails that would reduce drag and save fuel.
Credits: NASA/Dominic Hart

The nation’s airlines could realize more than $250 billion dollars in savings in the near future thanks to green-related technologies developed and refined by NASA’s aeronautics researchers during the past six years.

These new technologies, developed under the purview of NASA’s Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) project, could cut airline fuel use in half, pollution by 75 percent and noise to nearly one-eighth of today’s levels.

“If these technologies start finding their way into the airline fleet, our computer models show the economic impact could amount to $255 billion in operational savings between 2025 and 2050,” said Jaiwon Shin, NASA’s associate administrator for aeronautics research.

Created in 2009 and completed in 2015, ERA’s mission was to explore and document the feasibility, benefits and technical risk of inventive vehicle concepts and enabling technologies that would reduce aviation’s impact on the environment. Project researchers focused on eight major integrated technology demonstrations falling into three categories – airframe technology, propulsion technology and vehicle systems integration.

By the time ERA officially concluded its six-year run, NASA had invested more than $400 million, with another $250 million in-kind resources invested by industry partners who were involved in ERA from the start.

“It was challenging because we had a fixed window, a fixed budget, and all eight demonstrations needed to finish at the same time,” said Fayette Collier, ERA project manager. “We then had to synthesize all the results and complete our analysis so we could tell the world what the impact would be. We really did quite well.”

Here is a brief summary of each of the eight integrated technology demonstrations completed by the ERA researchers:

  • Tiny embedded nozzles blowing air over the surface of an airplane’s vertical tail fin showed that future aircraft could safely be designed with smaller tails, reducing weight and drag. This technology was tested using Boeing’s ecoDemonstrator 757 flying laboratory. Also flown was a test of surface coatings designed to minimize drag caused by bug residue building up on the wing’s leading edge.
  • NASA developed a new process for stitching together large sections of lightweight composite materials to create damage-tolerant structures that could be used in building uniquely shaped future aircraft that weighed as much as 20 percent less than a similar all-metal aircraft.
  • Teaming with the Air Force Research Laboratory and FlexSys Inc. of Ann Arbor, Michigan, NASA successfully tested a radical new morphing wing technology that allows an aircraft to seamlessly extend its flaps, leaving no drag-inducing, noise-enhancing gaps for air to flow through. FlexSys and Aviation Partners of Seattle already have announced plans to commercialize this technology.
  • NASA worked with General Electric to refine the design of the compressor stage of a turbine engine to improve its aerodynamic efficiency and, after testing, realized that future engines employing this technology could save 2.5 percent in fuel burn.
  • The agency worked with Pratt & Whitney on the company’s geared turbofan jet engine to mature an advanced fan design to improve propulsion efficiency and reduce noise. If introduced on the next-generation engine, the technology could reduce fuel burn by 15 percent and significantly reduce noise.
  • NASA also worked with Pratt & Whitney on an improved design for a jet engine combustor, the chamber in which fuel is burned, in an attempt to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides produced. While the goal was to reduce generated pollution by 75 percent, tests of the new design showed reductions closer to 80 percent.
  • New design tools were developed to aid engineers in reducing noise from deployed wing flaps and landing gear during takeoffs and landings. Information from a successful wind-tunnel campaign, combined with baseline flight tests, were joined together for the first time to create computer-based simulations that could help mature future designs.
  • Significant studies were performed on a hybrid wing body concept in which the wings join the fuselage in a continuous, seamless line and the jet engines are mounted on top of the airplane in the rear. Research included wind-tunnel runs to test how well the aircraft would operate at low speeds and to find the optimal engine placement, while also minimizing fuel burn and reducing noise.

As part of the closeout work for the ERA project, information and results regarding each of these technology demonstrations were categorized and stored for future access and use by the aerospace industry, and will be discussed at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Sci-Tech Conference in San Diego this week.

For more information about NASA aeronautics research, go to:

http://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics 

Source……….www.nasa.gov

natarajan

” Never underestimate your Mother …” !!!

Never underestimate Moms!

Things were going exactly as Srinivasan had feared, his Mother would come in from India and crush his American way of life under her strong South Indian influence. For a genetic scientist like Vasu, as Srinivasan was called by his friends, the only kind of order was disorder. So consumed he was by his research that the world and it’s affairs mattered little to him. When his last girlfriend walked out on him, “Find a girl on planet Srinivasan,” she had screamed as she stomped out.

Now Vasu’s Mother had taken over the administration of the planet. It irritated him, this milk at night and chyawanprash every morning. “Have you been wearing the same pair of Jeans for the past three days?” Mother was beginning her morning interrogation.

Vasu stared at the hot idlis in front of him, the chywanprash to follow and the wardrobe interrogation that had begun. Something snapped in his mind. “Mom I love you and I love that you come all the way from India to take care of me but please don’t fuss over me! It irritates me!  And then I cannot work!”

His Mother did not really care if Vasu was upset, “The idlis are getting cold,” was her matter of fact response.

“You don’t really care, do you Mom?”

“I care about you Vasu. The work you do is alright. If you don’t do it, someone else will do it.”
“Mom, I am a genetic scientist. I am working on the evolution of man. Theory of evolution, Charles Darwin, have you heard of him? ” Vasu was exasperated with her unwillingness to understand.

His Mother sat down next to him and smiled, “I know Darwin, Vasu. I also know that what you think he discovered, was old news in India.”

“Yeah sure Mom!” Vasu said with sarcasm.

“Well if you are too smart then listen to this,” his Mother countered.” Have you heard of the Dashavatara ? The ten avataras of Vishnu ?” Vasu nodded. “Then let me tell you what you and Mr. Darwin don’t know.

The first avatara was the Matsya avatara, it means the fish. That is because life began in the water. Is that not right ?” Vasu began to listen with a little more attention..

“Then came the Kurma avatara, which means the tortoise, because life moved from the water to the land. The amphibian. So the Tortoise denoted the evolution from sea to land.

Third was the Varaha avatara, the wild boar, which meant wild animals with not much intellect, you call them the Dinosaurs, correct ?” Vasu nodded wide eyed.

“The fourth avatara was the Narasimha avatars, half man and half animal, the evolution from wild animals to intelligent beings.

Fifth was the Vamana avatara, the midget or the dwarf, who could grow really tall. Do you know why that is so ? Because there were two kinds of humans, Homo Erectus and the Homo Sapiens and Homo Sapiens won that battle.” Vasu could see that his Mother was in full flow and he was stupefied.

“The Sixth avatara was Parshurama, the man who wielded the axe, the man who was a cave and forest dweller. Angry, and not social but the seventh avatara was Ram, the first thinking social being, who laid out the laws of society and the basis of all relationships.

The eighth avatara was Krishna, the statesman, the politician, the lover who played the game of the society and taught how to live and thrive in the social structure.

The Ninth avatara,was Balarama the man who rose from Narasimha and found man’s true nature.

And finally, my boy, will come Kalki, the man you are working on. The man who will be genetically supreme.”

The last Avatar is yet to appear, and in many versions of the mythology, the ninth incarnation is mentioned as Lord Buddha. But this is a much later addition done at a time when the concept of Dashavatara was already fully developed.

Vasu looked at his Mother speechless. “This is amazing Mom, how did you.. This makes sense !”

“Yes it does Vasu ! Now have your chyawanaprash ! ”

source……input from a friend of mine
Natarajan

The Best Drone Photography of 2015….

dronestagram-popular-images-1

1st Prize Winner – Category Nature: Snorkeling with sharks by Tahitiflyshoot

“Drone images can be made where no other image can,” says Geiger, a Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer. “It’s like the ultimate selfie-stick.”

Let’s take a look at the some of the aerial imagery that rose to the top.

 

dronestagram-popular-images-16

1st Prize Winner – Category Places: Above the mist by Ricardo Matiello

dronestagram-popular-images-2

2nd Prize Winner – Category Nature: La Jolla by kdilliard

dronestagram-popular-images-3

2nd Prize Winner – Category places: Mont-Saint-Michel, by Wanaiifilms

dronestagram-popular-images-5

3rd Prize Winner – Category places: Tulip fileds byAnders@andersa.com

dronestagram-popular-images-12

3rd Prize Winner – Category Nature: Lost island, Tahaa, French Polynesia, by Marama Photo Video

dronestagram-popular-images-15

1st Prize Winner – Category Dronies: Where’s Wally, Limassol Carnaval, Cyprus by FlyovermediaCy

dronestagram-popular-images-4

2nd Prize Winner – Popular Prizes (most liked picture): Plovidv by night, Bulgaria by Ice Fire

dronestagram-popular-images-6

3rd Prize Winner – Popular Prizes (most liked picture): Glorieto Rodolfo Sanchez Taboada, Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico by Wootsor

dronestagram-popular-images-7

Autodrome st-eustache, Canada by DCPE

 

dronestagram-popular-images-8

Family of storks in the nest on an electric pole by Myszon

dronestagram-popular-images-9

Christ the Redeemer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil by Alexandre Salem

dronestagram-popular-images-10

Jardin de corail dans le lagon de Taha’a – Polynésie Française, by Marama Photo Video

dronestagram-popular-images-11

Xiwei Reservoir, Zoucheng, Shandong, China, by AmbroseLune

dronestagram-popular-images-13

Moissons près de Metz, Lorraine, photo par drone, by Ookpik

dronestagram-popular-images-14

Pont sur le Rhone, photo par drone, Rhone-Alpes, France, by Ookpik

Source……www.amsingplanet.com

Natarajan

Images of the Day….moving photos !!!

 

Close your eyes for a moment and take a deep, slow breath. Then open them only to enjoy the beauty of these quietly moving scenes made by French Photographer and Design Artist Julien Douviercreating a hybrid where only some elements in the picture are animated. I find that by the time I get to the end of this series, great serenity has taken hold.

 

The Enchanting Intensity if Moving Pictures

The Enchanting Intensity if Moving Pictures

The Enchanting Intensity if Moving Pictures

The Enchanting Intensity if Moving Pictures

The Enchanting Intensity if Moving Pictures

The Enchanting Intensity if Moving Pictures

The Enchanting Intensity if Moving Pictures

The Enchanting Intensity if Moving Pictures

 

source……ba-bamail.com

Natarajan

Photos That Prove 2015 Wasn’t The Worst Year After All…!!!

2015 is over, and while many in the media have focused on the negative, readers of Bored Panda know that there were many good things that happened this year. Yes, politicians continue to start new wars, but it’s up to us, regular, everyday people to make the world a better place, and we believe that the stories below prove this to be true.

Entire Neighbourhood Secretly Learns Sign Language To Surprise Deaf Neighbor

Entire Neighbourhood Secretly Learns Sign Language To Surprise Deaf Neighbor

 

Man Buys Turtles From Food Market And Releases Them Back To The Sea

Man Buys Turtles From Food Market And Releases Them Back To The Sea

The Young Guy Sitting Down Was Struggling With His Tie When The Older Gentleman Moved Without Hesitation And Gave Him A Step-By-Step Tutorial

The young guy sitting down was struggling with his tie,

Heart Surgeon Calms Weeping 2-Year-Old Girl Before Heart Operation

Heart Surgeon Calms Weeping 2-Year-Old Girl Before Heart Operation

Turkish Bride & Groom Spend Their Wedding Day Feeding 4,000 Refugees

Turkish Bride & Groom Spend Their Wedding Day Feeding 4,000 Refugees

Donkey Smiles From Ear To Ear After Being Rescued From Flood In Ireland

Donkey Smiles From Ear To Ear After Being Rescued From Flood In Ireland

This Guy Has This Dog, And She Can’t Walk Anymore. So He Takes Her Out For A Walk Every Day In A Wheelchair

This guy has this dog, and she can't walk anymore. So he takes her out for a walk every day in a wheelchair

When A Student’s Baby Started Crying In Class, This Professor Had The Best Response Ever

When A Students Baby Started Crying In Class, This Professor

Mom Adopts All 4 Of Her Best Friend’s Daughters After She Died Of Brain Cancer

Mom Adopts All 4 Of Her Best Friends Daughters After She Died Of Brain Cancer

This Coffee Shop Lets Stray Dogs Sleep Inside Every Night When The Customers Leave

This Coffee Shop Lets Stray Dogs Sleep Inside Every Night When The Customers Leave

Man Has Heart Attack While Mowing Lawn; Firefighters Finish Mowing Lawn After Saving Him

Man Has Heart Attack While Mowing Lawn; Firefighters Finish Mowing Lawn After Saving Him

These Kids In Canada Tied Coats To Street Poles To Help Homeless Prepare For Winter

These Kids In Canada Tied Coats To Street Poles To Help Homeless Prepare For Winter

Baby Deer Refuses To Leave The Human Who Saved Her Life

Baby Deer Refuses To Leave The Human Who Saved Her Life

Anonymous Spiderman Feeds Homeless At Night, Shows Everyone Can Be A Hero

Anonymous Spiderman Feeds Homeless At Night, Shows Everyone Can Be A Hero

Hungarians Bring Their Shoes To The Budapest Train Station For Arriving Migrants

Hungarians bring their shoes to the Budapest train station for arriving migrants

Soaked Dad Protecting His Schoolboy From Rain Shows What Parenting Is

Soaked Dad Protecting His Schoolboy From Rain Shows What Parenting Is

97-Year-Old Cries Tears Of Joy After She Finally Gets Her High School Diploma

97-Year-Old Cries Tears Of Joy After She Finally Gets Her High School Diploma

This Shop Owner Who Promised To Help Those In Need

This shop owner who promised to help those in need

Quincy’s Been Waiting All Week To Show The Garbage Men His Garbage Truck. But, In The Moment, He Was Overwhelmed In The Presence Of His Heroes

Quincy's been waiting all week to show the garbage men his garbage truck. But, in the moment, he was overwhelmed in the presence of his heroes

Barber Goes Extra Mile To Conquer Autistic Boy’s Fear Of Haircuts

Barber Goes Extra Mile To Conquer Autistic Boys Fear Of Haircuts

This Boy Offering A Bottle Of Water To A Policeman During A Hot Day In Baltimore

This Boy Offering A Bottle Of Water To A Policeman During A Hot Day In Baltimore

Hospital Makes Exception And Allows Couple Married 68 Years To Be Together In Same Room

Hospital Makes Exception And Allows Couple Married 68 Years To Be Together In Same Room

Son With No Arms Spoon-Feeds His Paralyzed Mom Using His Teeth

Son With No Arms Spoon-Feeds His Paralyzed Mom Using His Teeth

103-Year-Old Celebrates Birthday By Dressing Up As Wonder Woman And Volunteering At Senior Center

103-Year-Old Celebrates Birthday By Dressing Up As Wonder Woman And Volunteering At Senior Center

Source….www.boredpanda.com

natarajan

South India Looks Spectacular from Space. As Proved by These Tweets from the ISS…..

Selected specially for a year-long mission, American astronaut Scott Kelly has been on the International Space Station (ISS) since March 2015. Early this morning, as the ISS was passing above the Indian coast, he posted some mind-bendingly beautiful photos of South India.

Here it is (here’s what we look like) from space. SPACE, you guys.

A rare glimpse of beautiful South ! from

Embedded image permalink

  1. Sandy and green on the South coast.

    Embedded image permalink

    1. The Southern tip of and its blue waters.

      Embedded image permalink

      SPECTACULAR.

      Source……..www.the betterindia.com

      Natarajan

Image of the Day….” Spectacular new image of earthrise”

A new earthrise photo, as seen from the moon by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.

Spectacular new image of earthrise seen from the moon, from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter using cameras operated by Arizona State University. Africa, the south Atlantic Ocean and the eastern edge of South America can be seen. The large tan area on the upper right is the Sahara Desert. In the foreground on the moon, you are seeing the Compton crater. Read more about this image.

As seen from any one spot on the moon’s surface, Earth never rises or sets. Because one side of the moon always faces Earth, the Earth hangs relatively motionless in the lunar sky. But orbiting spacecraft can see earthrises and earthsets. This week, Arizona State University emailed us this amazing new image of an earthrise seen from the moon, along with Q-and-A with Mark Robinson, who is the principal investigator for the cameras aboard NASA’s Lunar Reconnissance Orbiter. In it, Robinson talked about this image, which was acquired by the orbiter’s camera (the LROC) in October.

Q: How did you know this image would be possible?

A: [The LROC has] taken pictures of the Earth more than 10 times in the past. We wanted to get a limb shot (showing the edge of the moon). What makes it really hard is getting the moon in the foreground … That was not by accident. We have software tools that allow us to visualize observations. We know where the spacecraft is going to be in the future … We determined from which orbits the Earth will be visible near the limb. Once we know the ground track where the Earth will be visible, we then find a view with a dramatic foreground.

Question: What are some of the pieces that had to come together to make this photo?

Answer: Just a few of the steps: You have to roll the spacecraft, in this case about 70 degrees, but the spacecraft is traveling at over 1,600 meters per second. We’re restricted in the length of one exposure time to something close to 0.4 milliseconds. You also move the spacecraft in the direction of flight so that you can get a wide enough field of view. When a spacecraft is in an elliptical orbit, the timing changes from image-to-image in an orbit. We have to compute all of that beforehand to get it exactly right … That timing has to be precisely carried out … We have to predict the temperature of the CCD (electronic equivalent of film). The Wide Angle Camera (WAC) is imaging an area multiple times while the Narrow Angle Cameras (NAC) takes just one picture. We blow up the WAC images and combine them to produce higher resolution, and then overlay this sharper image on the NAC image. We wanted the Earth to be on the horizon, and that only happens from certain areas of the moon. It’s only when the spacecraft is above the boundary between the nearside and farside that you can see the Earth behind the limb (edge of the moon).

Q: LRO has been in orbit for more than six years. If you picked the best shots to show your friends, what are they?

A: We’ve taken more than a million images. My answer changes every three days. The Apollo landing sites are fantastic. You can see the tracks the astronauts left on the surface of the moon. To me, as a scientist, it’s really great because it helps me visualize the photographs they took on the surface. The significance of the geologic context. ‘All right, now I know they got that soil sample there, and I can see what it looks like.’

Bottom line: NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter acquired this new image of Earthrise from the moon in October, 2015, using the orbiter’s camera (the LROC) operated by Arizona State University.

Source…..www.earthsky.org

Natarajan